Cuphead (full title: Cuphead: Don't Deal with the Devil) is a run and gun indie video game developed and published by StudioMDHR. First announced in 2013, the game was released for Microsoft Windows and Xbox One in September 29th, 2017, for macOS in October 19th, 2018, for Nintendo Switch in April 18th, 2019, and for PlayStation 4 in July 28th, 2020. The game was inspired by the rubber hose style of animation used in cartoons of the 1930s, such as the work of studios Fleischer and Walt Disney Animation, and seeks to emulate their subversive and surrealist qualities.
Unwinnable writer Yussef Cole wrote an essay titled "Cuphead and the Racist Spectre of Fleischer Animation", in which he thought that by using the rubber hose animation style, Studio MDHR also brought up the "bigotry and prejudice" which had a strong influence on early animation, thinking that Studio MDHR ignored the context and history of the aesthetic it "so faithfully" replicated. Cole identifies that much of the imagery that Studio MDHR took from the Fleischer style effectively carried the racial stereotypes of the 1930s Harlem and minstrel shows that the animation style was built on. Chad and Jared Moldenhauer had stated prior to release that they wanted to make an animation style that harkened back to 1930s cartoons without getting ties to racism or minstrel shows in them. Maja Moldenhauer further stated that all they wanted from the Fleischers was the animation style and visuals, and that anything else happening "in that era we're not versed in it". In response to Cole's essay, Brandon Orselli of Niche Gamer defended the game as a tribute to that art style, writing that it was not meant to deliver narratives, or "go anywhere beyond where it needs to go in terms of its basic and child-like storytelling". Mike Mood, the creator of the horror game media franchise Bendy, which also uses rubber hose animation, has discussed wanting to make a cross over with Cuphead.
don't mess with an angel english version full 200
First, a bit of a disclaimer: Religion is as complicated as the people who follow it. Taking on even a small section of theology is a massive undertaking, and honestly, it's just a mess of different versions of all kinds of stories and beliefs. So that being said, let's talk about some of the bad boys of several religions: fallen angels.
How do we know all this? A lot of our knowledge of fallen angels comes from the non-canonical Book of Enoch, which was written about 350 B.C. and was found with the Dead Sea Scrolls. It's pretty heavy stuff, too, according to the Biblical Archaeology Society Library. The texts claim to be the revelations of Enoch, who was taken up to heaven and told the universe's deepest secrets, then shown just what would happen during mankind's ultimate judgment.
One of the most widely told tales of fallen angels says it was Lucifer who rebelled against God and brought a bunch of angels down with him, but the story told in the Book of Enoch is very, very different.
According to Les Enluminures, Enoch was considered a prophet to early Jewish writers. When Christianity started to adopt his teachings, he largely fell out of favor with Judaism. Christian writers took the Book of Enoch with them when they converted the rather isolated areas of Ethiopia in the fourth and fifth centuries, preserving the text there, where it stayed before being brought to Europe in 1773. Meanwhile, Christian scholars and writers were doing some serious interpreting of the version of the Bible approved by the church, and the thing is, it's never said that Satan is a fallen angel.
Perhaps the strangest of all was Penemue, the fallen angel credited with giving mankind something that led to all kinds of evil: the written language. With writing came the knowledge of destruction, and writing was supposedly responsible for widespread death and descent into darkness.
There's one fallen angel in particular that warrants talking about on his own, and that's Gadreel. According to the Book of Enoch, Gadreel was responsible for a lot of trouble on his own and even though most might not recognize his name, they're familiar with his work. He's the one who's credited with enticing Eve with the forbidden fruit and leading otherwise unsuspecting, holy humans down the path of sin in the first place. He's also the one who gave mankind "all the weapons of death," along with shields and armor, and he first showed people how to kill each other.
That's completely different than the picture many have about just what went down in the Garden of Eden, an act of temptation that's usually credited to Satan in the guise of a snake. But according to the Biblical Archaeology Society, that absolutely wasn't on anyone's mind when it was first written, mostly because at the time there was no concept of the devil as we think of him today. Personification of the snake started with Enoch and Gadreel, but it took a few centuries before the fallen angel morphed into one much more well-known.
Quick, describe a fallen angel. There are probably some scowly faces, bat-like wings, maybe even some horns or cloven hooves. But National Geographic says it wasn't always like that. In early Christian art, fallen angels looked pretty much the same as their holier counterparts. One of the earliest representations of the idea that there were angels and fallen angels opposing each other in an otherworldly battle is featured in a mosaic (above) in the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy. Jesus is in the middle, and on one side are an angel in red with some sheep. The sheep are the faithful, and red was originally used to depict the holy kingdom. (It didn't become associated with brimstone and hellfire until later.)
The existence of fallen angels has presented theologians with some serious problems; namely, how could they even exist? Since God created everything, that also meant God had created something evil or with the capacity to be evil, and that just wasn't going to fly with most Christian scholars. The implications of that were terrifying, so there had to be another explanation.
Until the 12th century, "pride" was the typical answer as to why fallen angels fell. But that meant God would have had to create something with a crippling, all-powerful amount of pride, and that didn't fly. So scholars came up with the idea that angels had been created with a natural love that allowed them to love God, themselves, and each other. Part of that love was involuntary, and another part was voluntary. That voluntary love was further divided into the idea of friendship and the idea that some love exists because it makes someone happy.
The idea that Lucifer kicked off the fall of the angels because he started experiencing love for a selfish reason is all well and good, and it kind of makes sense. It's another side to the pride coin, but a twisted, dark, selfish love ... that's something most people can understand. That may have made it possible for that Lucifer to fall, but what about the other angels that went with him?
That presented another theological problem because other angels just weren't on the same level as Lucifer, God's most beautiful creation. Scholars thought it was a little unbelievable that lesser angels could possibly love in the same way, so what's up with that? The explanation is actually pretty heartbreaking.
Since Christian writers as far back as Paul warn women of attracting the lusty gazes of fallen angels, it's safe to say they believed there was something going on there. But it's not so much love as it is lust, and the male demons and fallen angels seem to only have these affections for women. Early scholars declared that since not even fallen angels would lust after their own sex, there was something very fundamentally wrong with humans who did that. The role of fallen angels is to tempt in the most horrible and basest of ways, and even they wouldn't tempt other men. Cue centuries of persecution.
Not quite. According to the Jewish Virtual Library, the seven archangels counted the punishing of the fallen angels among their heavenly duties. Each one of the archangels was in charge of particular facets of the otherworldly life: Jeremiel, for example, keeps watch over the souls in the underworld, while Michael protects Israel, Gabriel is the overseer of Paradise, and Uriel leads the host. They're the ones with direct access to God, and they're also in charge of punishing the fallen.
In the early 17th century, naturalists got a hold of other birds, ones with their wings and legs intact. The fallen angel mythology faded a bit, but they've long remained a symbol of the flightless fallen.
Fallen angels are something of a consistent, running theme throughout numerous religions, which brings up a question: why have we so regularly told stories of them, and why have we been so fascinated with them? Dr. Miryam Brand of the WF Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem attempted to answer that question (via The Torah), and says there's a few things at work. First, they give us an answer to why we sin, and why human evil exists. It's not our fault, not entirely, at least, but it's the fault of the fallen angels we were corrupted by. And it's nice to have a scapegoat.
Take Harut and Marut, fallen angels Britannica describes as "unwittingly" becoming evil. Their story is a little different than that of, say, Lucifer, as they didn't consciously decide, "Hey, the heck with Heaven, this evil stuff seems pretty fun." Instead, they were part of a group of angels who laughed at mankind for their apparent inability to resist sin and temptation. God overheard it and, declaring that angels would fare no better in the face of the same temptation, selected Harut and Marut to go to Earth and try to resist. They absolutely couldn't: They were immediately seduced by a human woman and then killed the man who'd seen them with her. Harut and Marut were forced to admit that they'd been wrong, and they were allowed to choose their punishment. 2ff7e9595c
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